TJ: You studied with Lev Aronson of the Dallas Symphony. You once said
that he had a beautiful sound and right-hand technique. Was there something
unique about his approach to bowing?
RK: I wouldn't say that he had a unique technique, though, perhaps because
of the profound experiences he had in Europe and in the concentration camps,
he really spoke with the bow. He enunciated with the bow in such a way as
to speak with a sound that had great character, which is something that
comes from within, not from a special technique.
TJ: You also studied with Aldo Parisot. You once said that he "furthered
the use of my musical imagination in a technical sense." What did you
mean?
RK: We worked a lot on discovering the different colors and characters that
one can draw from the cello. These are achieved by varying timing, weight
distribution, bow speed, bow placement relative to the bridge, and by being
able to move the left hand in a highly organized and articulate way. When
you attain this technical flexibility, you have a much wider musical palette
to draw from. When I went to study with him, I already had within myself
many sounds and colors that were waiting for a means of expression, but
I had not sufficiently mastered the technique necessary to create them,
particularly with the left hand. I certainly felt, after my study with Parisot,
that I was much more able to convey my musical vision.
TJ: Were there certain exercises that you had to practice to attain that
technique?
RK: There were probably common exercises that he gave to most of his students,
but generally he used a particular exercise as it seemed pertinent to a
particular problem. We didn't go through a series of codified exercises
over the course of two years. If there was a piece, especially a virtuoso
piece, that demanded a certain kind of clarity, like a clean shift or clean
bow articulation, he would come up with tailor-made exercises to help me
achieve it.
TJ: Would you say that he approached music through technique? Or was it
that you had a musical goal and he would help you achieve it technically?
RK: There were certain aspects of technique that were very important to
him, particularly clear articulation with both the bow and left hand. He
was very concerned with the character of sound and the character of phrasing
that one creates in order to present a vivid performance.
TJ: You once said that "cello technique has become freer due to technical
demands of contemporary music." How has it become "freer?"
RK: Contemporary music requires that one be able to make huge changes in
sound and character in a split second. You must be able to leap around the
cello at a very rapid pace, quickly change coloration with vibrato and bowing,
and vary left and right hand articulation instantaneously. One's reflexes
have to be very sharp, and, like anything, the more you refine it, the more
you are a master of a wide spectrum of technical issues, and hence the freer
you are. This leads us to the only important consideration -- the musical
statement that you're trying to make. If you are a prisoner of the limitations
of your technique, you aren't really free to enunciate what you want to
say musically. The demands that cellists meet in contemporary pieces have
helped us all to become greater masters of our instrument. Then when we
go back to playing Bach or Beethoven, we are that much more in control of
the instrument and are more able to make our musical statement.
TJ: You said something interesting in a recent master class. A student played
the slow movement of the Haydn D major concerto, and indicated that she
was trying to bring out the lines of the music, thinking in terms of musical
arches with crescendi and diminuendi. You told her that she could certainly
play like that, but that her approach was "very nineteenth century."
Do you think that playing Haydn in a more Romantic manner is wrong?
RK: I wouldn't say that it is wrong, though I think it's inappropriate.
If a great performer played it very convincingly like that, then I would
accept it as his or her point of view and would probably say that the performance
was very impressive. But I would still say that it's inappropriate.
TJ: What makes it inappropriate?
RK: That approach wasn't a part of the musical language of Haydn and his
times, which was more about purity of melody and clarity of harmony and
rhythm. These things get obscured when one plays with a more Romantic approach,
which uses more rhythmic license. In the classical style there is still
breathing, phrasing, and shaping, but the kind of indulgence that one finds
in the nineteenth century was not present in Haydn's day.
TJ: Do you think that Haydn would object if he heard somebody play his music
in a nineteenth century style?
RK: I didn't know Haydn well enough to answer that question! But I doubt
that he, or any composer, would object to a beautiful and intelligent interpretation
of his work. Similarly, I doubt that Bach or Haydn would object if they
heard their music played on modern instruments. I think it is better to
try to stay within the musical vocabulary of the time when a piece was written,
as best we understand it.
TJ: I have a few questions about your recent recording of Bach Cello Suites.
First of all, it seems as if you use significantly less bow than you might
use in other works by later composers. Is this true?
RK: No, not less bow, though there is a different dimension to the sound
production, which is what I'm talking about in terms of nineteenth century
performance practice. For example, if you take the Prelude of the Second
Bach Suite, you could play the first three notes with a sustained bow. But
we have learned from research on the baroque bow that there is more air
involved in the stroke, so we don't sustain in the same way. The length
of bow stroke is not any different than when you sustain, but you release
in a different way. It has more to do with the dimension of sound production
than with the quantity of bow.
TJ: In the G major prelude, do you play with four notes to a bow in the
beginning?
RK: No, eight.
TJ: Hugo Becker used to do that, too. Why did you pick that bowing?
RK: I experimented with many bowings, as I'm sure most people do. I felt
in terms of what I wanted to emphasize -- harmonic motion and the function
of the oscillating notes within each harmony -- that I was freest doing
it with eight notes per bow.
Bach often wrote slurs in his manuscripts to indicate that a group of notes
are interrelated because they form a harmony and so forth, but he didn't
necessarily mean that they should all be slurred, nor did he necessarily
mean that they should all be separate. In our own musical realization of
the suites, we need to enunciate the relationship of the notes and their
associated groupings, which can be accomplished in many ways. In other words
somebody could play the Prelude of the first suite with all separate bows
and it could sound like a typewriter, or it could sound beautiful, depending
on how it is executed. As long as the spirit of the music and its harmonies
are conveyed, it doesn't matter which bowing is used. There isn't just one
bowing. My bowing gives me the greatest freedom to express what I want to
express with the prelude.
TJ: Were you also going for a certain smoothness or flow in the Prelude?
RK: Well, not smoothness, because there are different points of tension
and highlights within each bow, depending on where in the piece we are talking
about. I continually re-evaluate and discover relationships that I want
to bring out in a certain way. The Bach Suites are very much alive, which
is part of their greatness.
TJ: You use a lot of spiccato in your recording, particularly in the faster
movements.
RK: Yes, and I've been criticized for it. There are those who say that my
spiccato is not appropriate in the Suites, but I like it. What you hear
in the recording is certainly a less clipped kind of spiccato than the one
I used to play when I was much younger. I suppose my desire for cleanliness
of articulation results in that stroke. But I'm not trying to play true
spiccato. Most of the strokes spring from the string, so it's actually more
of a sautillÈ stroke, rather than a true spiccato, which is a bouncing
that starts above the string.
TJ: In the third suite Prelude, you play the section with the G pedal point
in a more understated way. It is often played as if it is a huge climactic
section, perhaps in imitation of a booming organ. Do you not like to hear
it played with a forte character?
RK: The pedal, as far as I'm concerned, speaks for itself, so I don't have
to overemphasize it, since one is going to hear the G anyway. The inner
moving line is what my ear is attracted to, and so I want to be sure that
it is heard clearly.
TJ: The interval span is almost two octaves at times in this section, which
many feel is a powerful moment in the movement. Do you disagree with people
who want to play it more powerfully?
RK: I wouldn't necessarily characterize it as powerful. I think I do play
it 'big,' though my definition of 'big' may differ from yours. The pedal
is important, but the linear motion within the harmony is equally important.
Any performer is responding to what they hear with their inner ear. If they
are playing bigger, but ignoring the inner motion, then they are missing
something very interesting, perhaps just for the sake of being louder or
maybe even bombastic. You can destabilize all sorts of things by not taking
into account all that's going on within a piece, at least as far as you
can understand and grasp it. If you just concentrate on one thing, sometimes
you miss a lot of other things, and that's not only in Bach.
TJ: In the fifth suite, you play with the normal cello tuning, instead of
the scordatura tuning, as Bach originally wrote it.
RK: Yes, but I prefer the sound of the scordatura tuning. Most of my students
play it with the scordatura tuning, but I learned it the other way when
I was younger. The normally tuned version is so ingrained in me that I have
difficulty changing to the other version without getting tied in knots.
I'm afraid my choice of tunings is due more to a practical consideration
than a musical one.
But having said this, if I felt that I was not serving the music well in
terms of the gravity of sound, then I definitely would have made the change
a long time ago. I feel that I do serve the music well. I prefer the scordatura
sound, but that's not to say that the way I do it, or that the normal tuning,
is detrimental to the musical language.
TJ: Let's talk about trills. You do not always start trills with the note
above the principal note, which many consider to be contrary to the standard
performance practice in baroque music.
RK: I'm aware that I do this. There are instances where I feel that the
musical line and harmonies are better served by starting on the principal
note. So I don't execute trills by rote; I think about each one. Perhaps
in the purest baroque sense I'm making a mistake, but it's a mistake that
I gladly make.
TJ: Do you like Casals' recording of the Bach Cello Suites?
RK: I grew up with his interpretations of the Bach suites and I love them,
though I wouldn't play them the way that he did. They're full of character
and show a profound musical understanding. But they are exaggerated in some
instances, which I can accept as Casals' approach and the sound world in
which he lived. They're part and parcel of his very strong point of view,
which is great in its own way. But in my own study and development, I've
simply come to a different point of view.
TJ: What if somebody today were to play the Suites the way Casals played
them? Would you object to the interpretation?
RK: If someone played like Casals, they would only be imitating Casals.
And as far as I'm concerned, any imitation is a very poor substitute for
the original.
TJ: What if it wasn't imitation, but a genuine expression of his or her
own ideas?
RK: But then it wouldn't sound like Casals.
TJ: True, it wouldn't sound exactly like Casals, but there was a certain
approach that Casals had, a more Romantic approach. Should people not play
like that anymore?
RK: No, I don't think so. There was a tremendous freedom and sometimes an
indulgence in what Casals did. But his approach is very acceptable, in the
context of Casals and his time, as well as his sense of articulation and
release. We live in a very different sound world and are much more knowledgeable
of past sound worlds, so it would be inappropriate to regress into the late
19th century or early 20th century style of Casals. Nonetheless, freedom
and spontaneity are essential ingredients to Bach interpretation.
TJ: I'd like to go through a few of the major cello works and have you briefly
talk about some of the common pitfalls that you see students falling into
when they play them. What are some common problems you hear in student performances
of the Dvorak Concerto?
RK: In first movement of the Dvorak, the second subject (m. 140) is frequently
played so slowly that it completely distorts the shape of the movement.
It might feel good to play it that slow and certain notes within it might
feel good slower, but the architecture of the movement becomes destabilized.
A similar thing often happens in the development at the A-flat section.
Yes, there is a different color and atmosphere in these sections, and there
has to be a feeling of suspension, but when that gets translated into playing
molto adagio, then there is a problem.
TJ: How about the Schumann concerto?
RK: The difficulty with the first movement is making a coherent line from
sometimes very disjunctive material, and not having simply a series of vertical
statements without somehow bridging the leaps and changes. The important
things to achieve are a sostenuto quality and a sense of rhythmic pulse,
while still breathing and enunciating phrases. If the music gets torn apart
into little pieces, which often happens, then it loses the long narrative
thread that is an essential element.
TJ: How about Schelomo?
RK: Many times the rhythms aren't adhered to properly. People, in the name
of artistic license, often rewrite the piece in a sense, which is disturbing.
Yes, there is more freedom in Schelomo than in works such as the Dvorak
or Schumann concerti, but one should always start with what's written before
one begins the process of exaggerating rubati here and there. I've heard
performers who have great magnetism and who play Schelomo very freely, perhaps
beyond the norm of tasteful rubati to the point of rewriting some of the
rhythms of the work. But they create a wonderful aura in the piece, which
is ultimately what the piece demands.
TJ: How about the Elgar Concerto?
RK: The Elgar Concerto requires a range of deep and profound emotional responses
- anguish, despair, nobility, dignity, teasing hope, passion, AND reserve
- that often escapes a young performer intent on making a 'big' impression.
This beautiful work is tinged with sadness, pleading and asking questions
more than, tentatively, declaiming answers.
3/9/97
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